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Wilsons Ineptitude Stubbornness 1991 Dbq Ap History Essay

President Wilsons own ineptitude and stubbornness is what led to the Senates defeat of the Treaty of Versailles, rather than the strength of the opposing forces. Even Wilsons closest and most trusted advisors could not sway his stance. Wilson was strong in his stance and incorporated the idea of the 14 points. While it is true that opposing forces contributed to defeat the treaty, it was Wilsons unmovable position that led to its ultimate defeat in the Senate. There was much opposition to the Treaty in the United States, as well as the rest of the world. In the excerpt from The New Republic, it proves the publics general disdain for the Treaty. Whether they had hoped for the treaty to be more lenient on Germany, or more severe,†¦show more content†¦In the political cartoon, with Wilson jumping out of the window is just another example of how Wilson had to have his way, which is why he didnt succeed; he couldnt make enough people agree. One example of this is in Wilsons speec h on September 5, 1919, where he says If it should every in anyway important respect be impairedÂ…I would feel like asking the Secretary of War to get the boys who went across the water to fightÂ…And I would stand upÂ… and sayÂ… you are betrayed. This is just another of example of how Wilson will not accept anyway, but his, but he was not the one with the most power. It is true that Henry Cabot Lodge and the Republican majority in the Senate were a force in the defeat of the treaty. By holding off the vote and making his own changes to the treaty, Lodge knew that he was using Wilsons hatred to his advantage. Wilson would have accepted the changes if they had been proposed by one of his fellow Democrats, but the fact that they had been written by Lodge made Wilson see red. He immediately ordered Democrats to vote entirely against the treaty with the added Lodge votes. The only possible path to ratification would be to accept the treaty with the new changes. Wilson chose t o block the passing of the treaty by persuading Democrats to vote against it. Unfortunately, Wilson had a stroke, and his last efforts in getting the vote to go his way

Karl Marx (2364 words) Essay Example For Students

Karl Marx (2364 words) Essay Karl MarxKarl Heinrich Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in the city of Trier in Prussia, now, Germany. He was one of seven children of Jewish Parents. His father was fairly liberal, taking part in demonstrations for a constitution for Prussia and reading such authors as Voltaire and Kant, known for their social commentary. His mother, Henrietta, was originally from Holland and never became a German at heart, not even learning to speak the language properly. Shortly before Karl Marx was born, his father converted the family to the Evangelical Established Church, Karl being baptized at the age of six. Marx attended high school in his home town (1830-1835) where several teachers and pupils were under suspicion of harboring liberal ideals. Marx himself seemed to be a devoted Christian with a longing for self-sacrifice on behalf of humanity. In October of 1835, he started attendance at the University of Bonn, enrolling in non-socialistic-related classes like Greek and Roman mythology and the history of art. During this time, he spent a day in jail for being drunk and disorderly-the only imprisonment he suffered in the course of his life. The student culture at Bonn included, as a major part, being politically rebellious and Marx was involved, presiding over the Tavern Club and joining a club for poets that included some politically active students. However, he left Bonn after a year and enrolled at the University of Berlin to study law and philosophy. Marxs experience in Berlin was crucial to his introduction to Hegels philosophy and to his adherence to the Young Hegelians. Hegels philosophy was crucial to the development of his own ideas and theories. Upon his first introduction to Hegels beliefs, Marx felt a repugnance and wrote his father that when he felt sick, it was partially from intense vexation at having to make an idol of a view detested. The Hegelian doctrines exerted considerable pressure in the revolutionary student culture that Marx was immersed in, however, and Marx eventually joined a society called the Doctor Club, involved mainly in the new literary and philosophical movement whos chief figure was Bruno Bauer, a lecturer in theology who thought that the Gospels were not a record of History but that they came from human fantasies arising from mans emotional needs and he also hypothesized that Jesus had not existed as a person. Bauer was later dismissed from his position by the Prussian government. By 1841, Marxs studies were lacking and, at the suggestion of a friend, he submitted a doctoral dissertation to the university at Jena, known for having lax acceptance requirements. Unsurprisingly, he got in, and finally received his degree in 1841. His thesis analyzed in a Hegelian fashion the difference between the natural philosophies of Democritus and Epicurus using his knowledge of mythology and the myth of Prometheus in his chains. In October of 1842, Marx became the editor of the paper Rheinische Zeitung, and, as the editor, wrote editorials on socio-economic issues such as poverty, etc. During this time, he found that his Hegelian philosophy was of little use and he separated himself from his young Hegelian friends who only shocked the bourgeois to make up their social activity. Marx helped the paper to succeed and it almost became the leading journal in Prussia. However, the Prussian government suspended it because of pressures from the government of Russia. So, Marx went to Paris to study French Communism. In June of 1843, he was married to Jenny Von Westphalen, an attractive girl, four years older than Marx, who came from a prestigious family of both military and administrative distinction. Although many of the members of the Von Westphalen family were opposed to the marriage, Jennys father favored Marx. In Paris, Marx became acquainted with the Communistic views of French workmen. Although he thought that the ideas of the workmen were utterly crude and unintelligent, he admired their camaraderie. He later wrote an article entitled Toward the Critique of the Hegelian Philosophy of Right from which comes the famous quote that religion is the opium of the people. Once again, the Prussian government interfered with Marx and he was expelled from France. He left for Brussels, Belgium, and , in 1845, renounced his Prussian nationality. During the next two years in Brussels, the lifelong collaboration with Engels deepened further. He and Marx, sharing the same views, pooled their intellectual resources and published The Holy Family, a criticism of the Hegelian idealism of Bruno Bauer. In their next work, they demonstrated their materialistic conception of history but the book found no publisher and remained unknown during its authors lifetimes. It is during his years in Brussels that Marx really developed his views and established his intellectual standing. From December of 1847 to January of 1848, Engels and Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto, a document outlining 10 immediate measures towards Communism, ranging from a progressive income tax and the abolition of inheritances to free education for all children. When the Revolution erupted in Europe in 1848, Marx was invited to Paris just in time to escape expulsion by the Belgian government. He became unpopular to German exiles when, while in Paris, he opposed Georg Heweghs project to organize a German legion to invade and liberate the Fatherland. After traveling back to Cologne, Marx called for democracy and agreed with Engels that the Communist League should be disbanded. During this time, Marx got into trouble with the government; he was indicted on charges that he advocated that people not pay taxes. However, after defending himself in his trial, he was acquitted unanimously. On May 16, 1849, Marx was banished as an alien by the Prussian government. Parenting EssayMarx also says that the more man works as a laborer, the less he has to consume for himself because his product and labor are estranged from him. Marx says that because the work of the laborer is taken away and does not belong to the laborer, the laborer loses his rightful existence and is made alien to himself. Private property becomes a product and cause of alienated labor and through that, causes disharmony. Alienated labor is seen as the consequence of market product, the division of labor, and the division of society into antagonistic classes. So, capitalism, which encourages the possession of private property, encourages alienation of man. Capitalism, which encourages the amassment of money, encourages mass production, to optimize productivity. Mass production also intensifies the alienation of labor because it encourages specialization and it makes people view the workers not as individuals but as machines to do work. It is this attitude that incites the upris ings of the lower classes against the higher classes, namely, the nobility. Regarding Marxs attitude toward religion, he thought that religion was simply a product of mans consciousness and that it is a reflection of the situation of a man who either has not conquered himself or has already lost himself again. Marx sums it all up in a famous quote, stating that religion is an opium for the people. Marxs hypothesis of historical materialism contains this maxim; that It is not the consciousness of men which determines their existence; it is on the contrary their social existence which determines their consciousness. Marx has applied his theory of historical materialism to capitalist society in both The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, among others. Marx never really explained his entire theory through but taking the text literally, social reality is arranged in this way:That underlying our society is economic structure; and That above the foundation of economy rises legal and poli ticalforms of social consciousness that relate back to the economic foundation of society. An interesting mark of Marxs analysis of economy is evidenced in Das Kapital, where he studies the economy as a whole and not in one or another of its parts and sections. His analysis is based on the precept of man being a productive entity and that all economic value comes from human labor. Marx speaks of capitalism as an unstable environment. He says that its development is accompanied by increasing contradictions and that the equilibrium of the system is precarious as it is to the internal pressures resulting from its development. Capitalism is too easy to tend to a downward spiral resulting in economic and social ruin. An example of the downward spiral in a capitalist society is inflation. Inflation involves too much currency in circulation. Because of inflation and the increase in prices of goods resulting from it, the people of the society hoard their money which, because that money is out of circulation, causes more money to be printed. The one increases the effect of the othe r and thus, the downward spiral. Marx views revolution with two perspectives. One takes the attitude that revolution should be a great uprising like that of the French revolution. The other conception is that of the permanent revolution involving a provisional coalition between the low and higher classes. However, an analysis of the Communist Manifesto shows inconsistencies between the relationship of permanent and violent revolution; that Marx did not exactly determine the exact relationship between these two yet. Aside from the small inconsistencies in Marxs philosophy, he exhibits sound ideas that do seem to work on paper but fail in the real world where millions of uncertainties contribute to the error in every social experiment on Earth. Communism never gets farther than socialism in its practice in the real world and that is where the fault lies, in the governments that try to cheat the system while still maintaining their ideal communist society.

Taxation in Japan Essay Example For Students

Taxation in Japan Essay The role of taxation in the transformation of the JapaneseEconomy Introduction Before the Meiji restoration under thefeudal Tokugawa Shogunate, taxation was mainly a tool forwarfare and military power. The system was highlyregressive and pressed lightly on the rich and profit-earners. It was calculated to preserve a very unequal distribution onincomes and to stimulate the accumulation of private capital. This tendency somehow continued and was magnified beforeW.W.II when direct taxation was introduced for a moreequal and balanced system. However, the Meiji restorationdid bring with it tremendous changes to the tax system andthe use of the revenues. The Japanese government has sincehad an active participation in the economy, yet notcontrolling it directly but rather through market mechanisms. We will write a custom essay on Taxation in Japan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It took responsibility for promoting economic growth byusing incentives and taxes collected in an effective way. Theoften cited goal of taxation in western countries that wasequality was often sacrificed for the goal of economic growthin order to prevent being colonized, then to pursuit the desireto become an imperialist nation and then for pride andexport. The role of government and its fiscal policies playedan important role in the transformation of the Japaneseeconomy through the periods of Meiji restoration, beforeW.W.II and post W.W.II period where taxes respectivelyshifted from land taxes to internal indirect taxes to income /direct taxes. (Fig 1) Period of Meiji Restoration During thefirst years of the Meiji reforms, the government had seriousfinancial difficulties with tax revenues inadequate for itsmassive commitments. In 1873, land reforms gave tittles tolandowners and customary tenants, freed the transfer andsale of land from feudal restrictions and imposed taxobligations equal to 3 per cent (which was lowered to 2.5%in 1878) of the value of land. In addition a 30% local surtaxwas imposed on the land taxes. These heavy land taxes wereused to provide monetary compensations to the old rulingclass for the termination of their feudal incomes in kind andto finance the new administration which introduced neweducation and to support its military. The agricultural sector,and in fact the peasants, therefore bore the great bulk of thecost to Japans modernization. The land taxes contributed toover 70% of the central governments revenue during the firstdecade of the Restoration. Since the capital needs ofagriculture were small even after the landlords devotion tothe improvement of agricultural techniques and introductionof winter drainage, the increasing savings and surplus oflandlords were transferred out of the primary sector intoother sectors. The fiscal system as a whole was heavy inabsolute terms yet highly regressive. The burden wasconstantly on the agricu lture sector, even whennon-agricultural sectors were growing at a phenomenal rate. As seen in Figure 1, under indirect taxes, before the turn ofthe century, the excise taxes played a prominent yet secondto land taxes at about 20% of the governments totalrevenue. These included taxes on soya, sugar, textiles andgovernment monopoly profits in tobacco, camphor and salt. The combined effect of the land taxes and consumptiontaxes was heavy taxes on both peasant and consumer and alighter burden for the landlord and industrial-merchantclasses. The income tax did not appear until 1887 and thebusiness tax which was the corporate tax did not come intoeffect until 1896 and at a low flat rate of 3%. The result wasthe subsidizing of the manufacturing and service sector at theexpense of the primary sector. To strengthen the incentivesfor reinvestment and accumulation of productive wealth wasstrengthened by the absence of inheritance and real estatetaxes before 1905 and a relatively low rate thereafter. Therole of the family and the firm that existed also as a closelybound unit also made the saving, transferring form generationto generation and development favorable. Therefore, theZaibatsus, the conglomerate oligopolies could chargemonopoly prices and concentrate on exports. At this time,between the 1870-1900, there was the traditional exportexpansion of silk a nd other produces, coupled with mildprimary import substitution. Tariffs and revenue on foreigntrade were also low at the time due to the fact that theJapanese government was under the influence of foreigncountries and autonomy of tariffs was not until 1899. However, this tradition had little change even after thegradual regaining of autonomy. This was a very differentfrom the path followed by other developing countries whichusually place heavy taxes on trade because they are thesimplest and easiest form of taxation. Japan, by not followingthe easy path and concentrating on export substitution andland taxes for internal revenue creating a thriving export ofprimary goods before the 1920s. Period before W.W.II Theera of the land taxes ended in 1908 and was followed byindirect taxes, mainly on alcoholic beverages and tobacco. Itwas not until 1935 that income taxes on individuals andcorporations became the most important source of totalrevenues. The modern tax form only took form in the 1940to prepare for the wartime economy, the whole tax systemwas thoroughly overhauled to base on direct taxes. Theindividual tax was a scheduler tax, under which differentsources of income were levied by different tax rates. It wassupplemented by a progressiv e comprehensive tax whichapplied to an individuals aggregated income above a specificamount. On the other hand, the corporate income tax wasimposed on corporate income at a flat rate of 18%. Thecommodity tax was introduced in 1937 mainly to collectrevenue for wartime expenses, and the tax on alcoholicbeverage was also simplified in 1940. The relative share ofindirect taxes fell as a result of the tax reforms. The 1940reform also separated the personal income tax fromcorporate income tax. This period saw the rise of the powerof the military in the government and influence after thewinning wars of the Sino-Japaneses and Russia-Japaneseearlier in the century and the ailing and corruption of thecivilian government. The government was engaged incontinuous military activities and was penalized withincreased tariffs. However, due to expansion of its ownempire and influence which included Taiwan and Korea,export suffered little and actually had a 70% increase involume between 1929 and 1937. This period also sawheavy taxes and direct investment of government in industriesresulting in rapid growth of war related industries. Thisperiod ended with the GNP declining from 1939 and 1944. The tax system became the tool for direct financing in thisperiod. The military drove the economy and accounted for27.98% of GNP by the second world war which could besaid as the grand continuation of the feudal TokugawaShogunate military expansion policies. Post W.W.II With theoccupation forces lead by the United States taking over thegovernment, reforms were held on all aspects of thegovernment. Immediately after the war, the scheduler tax onindividual income was replaced by a unified tax on anaggregate basis with graduated tax rates. In order to collectnecessary revenues, a 1% turnover tax was levied on thebasis of the sales amount at every stage of transaction. Asfor the long term tax system design, it was also based on theUS system but was also an experimental ground for theShoup Mission which was a pioneer in many aspects of thedirect tax. The Shoup reform in 1949 was not the firstreform after the war to the chaotic after-war tax system, butit has had the most lasting effect on the development of theJapanese economy. The Shops Report tried to build aprogressive direct tax based tax system with local autonomyand simplicity that would be permanent and stable. Indirecttaxes were not recommended due to the inequality amongthe tax payers, dull the sense of civic responsibility and makelocal governments uneasy. However, the Japanesegovernment regained autonomy during the Korean war andmade modifications such as the resuming taxation at thenational level and sacrificing equity which Shops put at theutmost priority for convenience of efficiency andadministration. The burden on firms, especially big businesswas lowered. This was to give priority to the restoration ofthe postwar economy and the promotion of capitalaccumulation. Capital gains tax was abolished, under themissions guidelines and this had a effect of the promotion ofcapital accumulation as a national goal. Although partiallysuccessful, the Shoup plan broke away from the militaryroots of the Japanese ta x system and engaged in aresponsive tax system which was in touch with the economy. The four major taxes, income, corporate, accession andconsumption taxes all varied to different degrees from theShops Mission. However, the four taxes have beenremarkably stable in structure since 1950. The global incometax system proposed by Shops was modified to acombination of a comprehensive tax and a scheduler tax. .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da , .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da .postImageUrl , .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da , .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da:hover , .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da:visited , .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da:active { border:0!important; } .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da:active , .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4c1864ddaa89cc6cd0cc764d7d00c7da:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hiv therepy EssayInstead of aggregating most incomes with progressive taxrates, some incomes such as capital gains or interest incomewere now subject to income taxation or were taxed atreduced flat rates, separate from other incomes. These taxconcessions were intended to stimulate savings and incomeand to improve the welfare level among specific taxpayers. As for corporate income taxes, a split-rate system ratherthan a uniform one in which a single rate is imposed on awhole corporate income. This was similar to the one used inWest Germany in which retained profits and dividends weretaxed at different rates. Numerous tax measures have madethe corporate income tax extraordinarily complicated. As forthe accession tax on transfer of wealth proposed by ShopsMission was replaced by a combination of inheritance andgift taxes. Consumption taxes, in contrast to the generalmodification of direct taxes remained unchanged since theShops Mission and there has been no general consumptiontax in Japan until April 1989. Therefore, Japan depends itsrevenue from taxes on income and corporate income taxes,which is the highest among OECD countries. Social securitycontributions which are equivalent to payroll taxes also playan equally important role in the raising of taxes. Japan is alsothe only advanced country that does not impose a generalconsumption tax . In 1985, of the total tax revenues collectedin Japan, 45.8% came from individuals and corporateincome taxes, 30.2% from social security contributions, 14%from taxes on goods and services, 8.6% from property taxand 1.1% from inheritance and gift taxes. Before the 1973oil shock, the government engaged in a tax system withincentives to promote exports, private savings andinvestment, housing and technological development topromote economic growth. These measures were included inthe Special Tax Measures Law and was formulated toprepare a list of most of the incentive provisions applyingmainly to individual and corporate income taxes. As seen inFigure 2 and Table 1, the corporate revenue lost to thesespecial tax measures but declined in importance after the mid-1970s. The special tax measures was around 12.6 and13.2% of total income tax revenues in the late 1950s fell to8-9% in 1961-1962 then rose to 12% in 1965 and thengradually declined to 5.0% in the early 1980s. The specialmeasures could be classified into tax exemptions and creditsand tax deferrals like accelerated depreciation and tax-freereserves. These exemptions targeted specific industries suchas steel and machinery and also developing technologicalinnovation. The six main objectives of the tax incentives areoutlined the Ministry of Finance (MOF) as promotion ofsaving; promotion of environmental quality and regionaldevelopment, promotion of natural resources, promotion oftechnological development and modernization of industrialequipment, strengthening of the financial position of firms andother incentives. As seen in Table 2, the greatest decline inimportance is promotion of export and foreign investmentwhich included special deductions of export income fromtaxation and accelerated depreciation for export orientatedfirms. However, this is still an understatement of themagnitude of tax incentives due to hidden incentives that arenot included by the MOF in special tax incentives. Firstly,there is the provi sion for capital gains, interest and dividendsas part of the basic income tax law. Second, thefractionation of individual income tax into separate classifiedtaxes loses a great deal of revenue and greatly reduces theprogressivity of the nominal rate structure, particularly at thetop brackets. Third, business expenses as specialdepreciation accounting and deduction for part of social andentertainment expenses are also not included. Fourth,housing subsidy and low interest loans to executives are notregarded as special tax measure. Fifth, the official estimate ofrevenue is constantly low, so therefore, the special taxmeasures are estimated low. Another feature of the Japanesegrowth economy was the annual tax-cutting policy due to thefact that GNP rose by an average of 15% a year between1950 and 1960. The reason for the annual cuts were due tothe fact that Japan had a highly elastic income tax reaching2.0 in the 1960s meaning that for every 10% growth in GDPthat would be a 20% growth in revenue. The Japanesegovernment did not use the money in the expansion ofgovernment or counter-cyclical to obtain stable growth. Social welfare was also limited for the insistence oninvestment into growth and export. The tax cutting policy isto keep the revenues to national income constant at around20%. This was maintained between 1955 to 1965. This wastargeted at the individual income tax while both corporateincome tax and indirect taxes showed varying changes overtime. Corporate taxes increased much more frequently whileindirect taxes were raised to adjusted for the rise incommodity prices. The result of the tax cutting and keeping alid on the growth of the public sector coupled by the lowestexpense on defense in the developed country was the lowesttax rates in the developed country. Therefore, this permittedthe rapid increase in private demand. As mentioned above,the tax system stresses simplicity instead of equity with theresult of benefiting business and professionals rather than theemployee. First, the Shops Mission suggested the bluereturn system which is a self-assessment income tax forsmall to medium size businesses. The benefits of the bluereturn include basic deduction for blue return, specialdeductions for wages of family members working in thesame company, and special tax-tree reserves for employeesretirements, allowance for bad debt etc. These specialtreatments reduce the tax burden of the family small businessfirms. Secondly, there is the issue of withholding tax systemfor wage and salary incomes. More than 80% of individualincome tax is withheld at the source. Although withholding isapplied to interest, dividend, and other income, the largestportion of withheld taxes relate to employment income. Asseen in Figure 3, the income of salary earners is almost fullyidentified by tax authorities while self-employed and farmershave much an advantage in taxable income. This is oftenreferred as the ku-ro-yon, 9-6-4 ratio of salaried workers,self-employed and farmers. The third issue is the anonymousand fictitious accounts. Banks accounts could be openedwith seals rather than signatu res and banks make no attemptto identify the seals. By creating a number of these tax-freetreatments, the wealthy was able to abuse the system. Therefore, although the tax system structure was notprominently regressive, the legislative side make thewage-earners pay a higher price of taxation for the reason ofsimplicity to businesses as proposed by the government. TaxStructure and Economic Development In the period sincethe Meiji Restoration, there has been government transferand tax incentive from the peasant and wage earners tobusiness to stimulate growth. Japan has had phenomenalgrowth in the past hundred years, however, the question isthat if there is a direct relationship between tax structure andeconomic development. In Table 3, y/N stands for percapita real GNP with N as the total population, Ag/Y is theagricultural products share in GNP with Ag as the output ofthe primary sector, M/Y or (M+X)/Y as the openness of theeconomy where M and X stand for import and exportrespectively. As seen in Table 3, there is a significantcorrelation between y/N, Ag/Y and T/Y between1885-1944. Before the war, the agriculture sector still played an important role in taxation structure. This is oftenreferred to as the dual sector and where the taxes in the formof land taxes were charged heavily in taxation. There is alsono correlation between the postwar period of 1951-86 buty/N and T/Y are still significantly related. As from1951-1986, openness provides a better index than the othertwo variables mentioned 25 years before the prewar period,and it becomes even more significant in explaining T/Y forthe postwar period. Therefore, there is a correlationbetween the openness of the economy, which is imports andexports and the taxation structure. However, one couldemphasize the passive nature of the evolving tax system , inwhich one could even say that the major determinant of taxstructure change is the structural change in the economy itselfduring the process of economic development. When weconsider Table 4, where Tl is land taxes, Ti is indirect taxes,and Ty income taxes on individual and corporate income. Itshows the rela tionship (R2)that land taxes made up theprincipal shares revenue in 1885-1898 while indirect taxesmade up 1899-1935 and incomes taxes from 1936-86. Thisproves the time division as mentioned above. However,more importantly, as y/N increases, Tl/Tn and Ti/Tndecreases. The relative importance of land and indirect taxesfaded when growth increased. As for the openness (M/Y or(M+X)/Y) can be explained from the opposite signs in Ti/Tnbefore and after the war (3.101 to -1.808). The negativecorrelation after the war showed that openness was nolonger effective in increasing the indirect tax base at this levelof economic development and that the declining importanceof indirect taxes happen to have a close bearing with theopenness in a growing economy. That leaves us with Ty/Tndominantly affected by y/N, with the relative share of incometaxes rising in the course of development. The supply-sidepoint of view emphasizes the link between savings andinvestment with I=S+(T-G) with net export as zero . As taxesrevenue were greater than government expenditures before1975, investment from saving could be maximized. With netexports as positive, it would also help on investment in thecountry. As seen in Table 5, there was constant governmentsurplus before 1975. Therefore, it was only 1975, that thegovernment could continue the role using taxes to promoteinvestment and growth. As deficit grew, it would eat into thesavings and therefore investment. This was also thetax-cutting policy which was before 1975 to prevent theoverburden of the tax payer with their high elasticity ofpersonal tax revenue. The growth can be shown using theformula k=sx-(n+d)k which means for an increase in capitalstock savings has to be larger than depreciation. TheJapanese government promoted savings through tax cuts andtax incentives and also allowed increased depreciation undertax laws more rapid growth. Studies of the impact of thespecial tax measures on Japanese economic growth are, forthe most part, inconc lusive. There is virtually no relationbetween the special tax measure to promote householdsavings and the rate of private savings. Many of the specialtax measure were used in industries that were not regardedas strategic from the standpoint of growth, such as the textileindustry which received favorable treatment but grewrelatively slowly. As mentioned above, though, the initialdepreciation allowances were used widely for expansion andmodernization in such strategic industries as steel andmachinery. Therefore, except for the stimulus in theseindustries, the special tax measure did not have a substantialeffect on investment and growth. Although the tax systemand its effect on the economy is inconclusive, tax system mayaffect economic activity in several ways. First, fro businessand managerial incentives, the regular salary earners with taxwithholding has a fully taxable income. As for the businessinnovator and risk taker, the rewards are scarcely taxed bythe tax system which permits the tax-free accumulation ofcapital gains and requires only modest tax payments on otherproperty incomes. As for management incentive, the typicalmanager obtains his satisfaction through prestige of job,expense of account which is often easily deductible under taxlaws. Implicit tax exemption fro unrealized capital gainsderived from undistributed corporate earnings permit themanager to accumulate large amount of corporate wealth. .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1 , .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1 .postImageUrl , .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1 , .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1:hover , .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1:visited , .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1:active { border:0!important; } .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1:active , .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1 .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0be6085db65ddc9f514bf539b4d2cfb1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Police Brutality EssaySecond, the effect on economic stability, Japan with its highelasticity on income taxation could be used for the stabilizingeffect of the economy to cushion the economic bumps. However, the Japanese government has reduced the tax rateand used monetary policy for short-run stabilization. As forthe effects on saving and investment, gross savings increasedfrom about 25% of GNP in the mid-1950s to about 40% inthe 1970s. Increase of the stock of capital is important forgrowth because it raises productivity directly and permits theadoption of newer and more efficient technologies. Thenational budget with its surpluses added to the nationalsaving and helped to provide the margin of resources neededfor the production of large and growing volume of investmentgood. Government savings also averaged above 40% ofprivate savings even with the annual tax reductions. This wasdue to the systematic underestimation of tax revenues. Thepolicies to promote private investment such as accelerateddepreciation makes bankers more willing to make loans. Therefore, the tax incentives made have had an indirecteffect on investment and growth. Finally, the simple fact thatthe low tax rate in Japan may be the prevailing explanationfor the high rate of private saving and investment in Japan. Other Determinants of Tax Structure Development andGrowth The military factor before W.W.II and after wasreduced drastically to less than 1 % of GNP. Before theW.W.II the figure was around 28% of GNP. This is low ininternational comparisons of military expenses-GNP ratiowhere it is 6.3% in the USA. Japan has a low level ofwelfare commitments. The average transfer payments tonational income in 1961-1970 in various countries was20.8% in France, 7% in USA with 5% in Japan. By 1984,the US ratio grew to 15.1% while France went up to35.2%, in comparison with Japans 14%. Another factor isthe savings in Japanese thriftiness. Even at high directtaxation on the wage earner, the average saving rate was stillbetween 25% and 40% GNP. This started since the MeijiRestoration with moral suasion from the government withslogans like Let us avoid all luxuries so that we keep upwith the world; truly the development of our nationalproductive strength has its roots in reverent obedience. Thiswas coupled w ith the favorable inheritance tax laws andcapital gains law that made accumulation of wealth feasibleand worthwhile to the family centered Japanese worker. Future of Tax System in Japan As seen in Table 5, hugedeficits arose since 1975 from the first oil shock andaccelerated due to the second one and amounted to 4.4 %of the GNP in 1979. This has caused more alarm comparedwith other countries with similar levels of debt. Thegovernment was no longer able to cut taxes on personaltaxes and government incentive programs because of theirlarge losses in tax revenue were cut (Table 1). On top of theeconomic repercussions, the original tax system wasrepressive and unjust for the stress on simplicity. In 1989,the Value Added Tax (VAT) was added as the consumptionindirect tax after almost ten years of debate at 3%. Reformwas necessary for between 1975 and 1984, the tax burdenrose sharply in Japan with central government taxes up by4.1% and local taxes by 2.7% taxes. The dissatisfactionscould be categorized in the difference in tax burden amongtaxpayers in which the tax ratio was ku-ro-yon, 9-6-4 ratioamong workers, self-employed and farmers. Misma tchbetween the wage system and income tax structure in whichthe wages rose with seniority and taxes also increasedsteeply where the middle class need it the most with thechildrens education or for a residence. Therefore theprogressiveness of the income tax for middle-class salariedworkers is too high. The unfairness in taxation on capitalincome, as mentioned above is major source of savings andinvestment but also is a source of inequitable tax system andbehind the massive account surpluses. The heavy corporatetax burden which has risked dramatically since the 1970shave caused much complaint. The outdated indirect taxeswhich pose no tax on service is a failure to reflect thechanging consumption patterns. The standard procedure forthe tax reform is to reduce marginal tax rates by broadeningthe tax base with the introduction of indirect consumptiontaxes. It is also a cheaper and more effective way tostimulate savings for consumption tax does not tax savingsinstead of using special tax incentives. The reform is alsonecessary in view of the aging population and its need forlarger social security . Tax preferences for expenses anddepreciation allowance should be reduced to reduce the lossin tax revenue. A comprehensive tax system will not only willachieve what Shops Missions real goal of tax equity but alsoensure the future mature growth of Japan for with a largedeficit, the previous tax provisions and incentives can nolonger be continued. Japans tax system is still midwaybetween a comprehensive income tax and an expendituretax. Change is necessary, but the role of government andtaxation still pose many hard decisions to politicians. Bibliography 1.Ito Takatoshi., Tax Reform in Japan, ThePolitical Economy of Tax Reform, The Univeristy of ChicagoPress,1992 2.Ranis G., The Financing of JapaneseDevelopment, Economic History Review April 1959 3.AllenG.C., A Short Economic History of Modern Japan , 19624.Patrick H. and Rosovsky Henry., Taxation, Asias NewGiant, 1976 5.Ishi Hiromitsu., Ch 1-3, The Japanese TaxSystem, Clarendon Press 1989 6.Ohkawa K. Ranis G.,Economic Development in Historical Perspective, Japan andthe Developing Countries A Comparative Analysis., BasilBlackwell, 1985 7.Dornbusch R.,. Macroeconomics 3rdCanadian Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1987 8.Shiraishi Takashi,Japans Trade Policies 1945 to the Present Day, AthlonePress, 1989. History

Free Essays on D Day Was The Day

On D-Day, June 6, 1994, allied armies landed in Normandy on the northwestern coast of France, possibly the most critical event of World War II took place, the outcome of this event would determine the fat of Europe. If the invasion failed, the United States, being out of resources, might turn its full attention to the enemy in the pacific, Japan, leaving Britain alone, with most of its resources during the invasion. That would enable Nazi Germany to concentrate all its strength against the Soviet Union. By the time the U.S. came back Europe, Germany would rule the entire continent. Although fewer Allied ground troops went ashore on D-Day than on the first day of the earlier invasion of Sicily, the invasion of Normandy was in total, history’s greatest amphibious operation, involving on the first day 5,000 ships, the largest armada ever assembled, 11,000 aircraft and approximately 154,000 British, Canadian and American soldiers, including 23,000 arriving by parachute and glid er. The invasion also involved a plan on a scale the world had never seen and the secretive operations of tens of thousands of allied resistance fighters in Nazi-occupied countries of Western Europe. American General Dwight D. Eisenhower was named supreme commander for the Allies in Europe. British General, Sir Fredrick Morgan, established a combined American-British headquarters known as COSSAC, this stands for Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander. This developed a number of plans for the Allies, the most notable was the Operation Overlord, a large invasion of France across the English Channel. Eisenhower felt that COSSAC’s plan was a solid operation. After reviewing the disastrous results of the hit-and-run raid in 1942 in Dieppe, planners decided that the strength of German defenses required not a number of separate assaults by relatively small units, but an immense concentration of power in a single main landing. The invasion site would hav... Free Essays on D Day Was The Day Free Essays on D Day Was The Day On D-Day, June 6, 1994, allied armies landed in Normandy on the northwestern coast of France, possibly the most critical event of World War II took place, the outcome of this event would determine the fat of Europe. If the invasion failed, the United States, being out of resources, might turn its full attention to the enemy in the pacific, Japan, leaving Britain alone, with most of its resources during the invasion. That would enable Nazi Germany to concentrate all its strength against the Soviet Union. By the time the U.S. came back Europe, Germany would rule the entire continent. Although fewer Allied ground troops went ashore on D-Day than on the first day of the earlier invasion of Sicily, the invasion of Normandy was in total, history’s greatest amphibious operation, involving on the first day 5,000 ships, the largest armada ever assembled, 11,000 aircraft and approximately 154,000 British, Canadian and American soldiers, including 23,000 arriving by parachute and glid er. The invasion also involved a plan on a scale the world had never seen and the secretive operations of tens of thousands of allied resistance fighters in Nazi-occupied countries of Western Europe. American General Dwight D. Eisenhower was named supreme commander for the Allies in Europe. British General, Sir Fredrick Morgan, established a combined American-British headquarters known as COSSAC, this stands for Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander. This developed a number of plans for the Allies, the most notable was the Operation Overlord, a large invasion of France across the English Channel. Eisenhower felt that COSSAC’s plan was a solid operation. After reviewing the disastrous results of the hit-and-run raid in 1942 in Dieppe, planners decided that the strength of German defenses required not a number of separate assaults by relatively small units, but an immense concentration of power in a single main landing. The invasion site would hav...

10 Summer Retail Jobs to Look Out Forâ€and How to Get Them

10 Summer Retail Jobs to Look Out For- and How to Get Them When you think â€Å"summer job,† you don’t necessarily think â€Å"career path,† or â€Å"40 hours a week in a cubicle.† You probably think of something where you’re working with people, maybe at oddball hours, building experience and making bank before moving on to something else at the end of the season (school, a new job, etc.). Seasonal jobs can be great because they don’t have to be your forever job, but are a useful stop along your path. Whether you’re looking for a flexible second job or a summer job in between semesters, here are the retail jobs you might want to consider. CashierThis is kind of the classic entry-level retail job. Cashiers are responsible for checking customers out, handling different forms of payment, and using the store’s point-of-sale (POS) system. They may also be responsible for maintaining the checkout area, handling returns or other customer issues,The pay: An average of $9.18 per hour, per PaySc ale.What you’ll need: People skills, good math skills, and general trustworthiness, since you’ll be handling money on the store’s behalf.Stock ClerkStock clerks, who are most often found in big box department stores or grocery stores with high traffic and turnover, keep shelves full. Throughout the day, merchandise can get depleted or scattered, so these clerks are responsible for keeping shelves looking orderly, and tracking inventory. Clerks typically move between the store floor and the warehouse/storage areas throughout their shifts.The pay: An average of $11.14 per hour, per PayScale.What you’ll need: Clerical skills (for managing inventory and keeping records), customer service skills, attention to detail.Overnight Stock ClerkThis is a variation on other types of stock clerk positions, except these nocturnal professionals get their work done after the store is closed. Overnight stock clerks are responsible for inventory management, and getting the s tore ready for business the next day.The pay: An average of $11.14 per hour, per PayScale.What you’ll need: Clerical skills (for managing inventory and keeping records), customer service skills, attention to detail.MerchandiserIf you see displays as you walk into a store (or strategically placed along the way to convince you to buy cookies while you’re on your way to pick up milk and eggs), that’s usually the work of a merchandiser. Merchandisers are responsible for setting up product displays to maximize attention to specific products or sales. They work with an eye toward placement, design, and inventory.The pay: An average of $12.04 per hour, per PayScale.What you’ll need: Attention to detail, design skills, strong organizational skills.Store SecurityWhether during business hours or after the store is closed, just about every store needs security officers keeping a sharp eye on things. Security officers may be responsible for loss prevention (shoplifti ng by employees or customers), general store security, and safety procedures.The pay: An average of $11.65 per hour, per PayScale.What you’ll need: Attention to detail, possibly a background check.Retail AssociateRetail associates are usually at the front lines in every store. Answering customer questions, making sure the store shelves are well-stocked, handling transactions or returns, and generally being an ambassador for the store are all parts of a retail sales associate’s job.The pay: An average of $11.65 per hour, per PayScale.What you’ll need: Customer service skills, attention to detail, organizational skills, math skills, and problem solving skills.Retail Store ManagerIf you have previous retail experience, there may be opportunities for seasonal store managers as well, particularly in stores or industries where summer is a busy time. Managers may be responsible for managing staff, payroll, store policies, opening and closing, customer queries (and inte rvening when necessary), and basically keeping the ship moving smoothly.The pay: An average of $14.65 per hour, per PayScale.What you’ll need: Customer service skills, leadership skills, attention to detail, organizational skills, math skills, and problem solving skills.Customer Service AssociateCustomer service can be one of the most challenging jobs in retail, but if you have the people skills to turn an irate shopper into a happy customer for life, then this is the retail niche for you. Customer service associates are usually faced with problems- product returns, customer questions, customer complaints, etc., so troubleshooting is their game. Ideally, they help customers resolve whatever issues come up, while providing a good customer experience.The pay: An average of $10.63 per hour, per PayScale.What you’ll need: Customer service skills, patience, problem solving skills, attention to detail.BakerIf straight-up retail isn’t your thing, there are also ways to combine food service and retail for your summer job. Many grocery stores and department stores have in-store bakeries. These bakery associates typically help prepare baked goods and displays for the day ahead, so if you’re an early bird, this may be a great retail option for you.The pay: An average of $11.38 per hour, per PayScale.What you’ll need: Customer service skills, baking/cooking skills, punctuality, possibly food handling certification.Omnichannel AssociateThis is a new front in retail, as many companies start offering a multi-format approach to selling their products online and in brick-and-mortar stores. (Think Amazon, or department stores that let you ship from their warehouse directly to your local store for in-store pickup.) Omnichannel retail employees are retail sales associates that often work on the fulfillment side of things, preparing orders to be shipped or delivered. They help create a seamless process for customers who want to move from online s hopping to in-person shopping.The pay: An average of $11.38 per hour, per PayScale.What you’ll need: Customer service skills, attention to detail, organizational skills, math skills, and problem solving skills.How to Snag Your Summer Retail JobOnce you’ve figured out what type of retail job would be a good fit for you and your skills, what next? Here are five tips to help get you hired in time for summer.Time it right.Retail stores typically hire year-round, so when should you apply if you’re looking for that summer sweet spot? Right before summer is your best bet- store employee turnover can be high, and stores may not be able to plan staffing too far ahead of time.Find summer-friendly stores.Your best chances to snag a summer job will come at stores that are busy during the summer (sorry, Christmas ‘R Us). Home improvement stores or gardening centers are good bets for the summer, since people are outdoors and active. Ditto sporting goods stores, or offic e supply stores gearing up for back to school sales. Big box stores like Best Buy, Costco, Target, WalMart, etc. are usually perennially hiring, so keep an eye on those evergreen stores as well.Be ready to go.When you start scoping out places that might be hiring, have your resume ready to roll. Again, high turnover means you might have to jump on any opportunities right away. If you hear about an opening and spend three days spiffing up your application, it may be too late!Be proactive.Don’t wait for opportunities to come up. If you’re targeting a particular store, don’t wait for someone to put a â€Å"we’re hiring† sign in the window. Keep an eye on their website, or do it the old-fashioned way- stop in and ask! But remember #3: if you go into a store to inquire about potential jobs, make sure you’ve got your resume in hand.Use your network.You never know who might know of retail places that are hiring soon, so make sure to let people know you’re on the hunt. Your neighbor, your teacher, your old football coach- any of them could have good leads, so definitely mention that you’re looking for a new job. Plus, they know you, and may be able to vouch for you.A summer retail job doesn’t have to be a forever career (unless, of course, you find you have a passion for customer service, or a level of zen in creating floor displays), but it can be an excellent way to pay the bills and build experience before you get to your next step. There are a lot of opportunities out there, so you can find jobs that work best for you and your needs (part-time vs. full-time), your skills, and your experience level. Plus, you’ll be in air conditioning all summer. Not a bad deal!

Compare and contrast Code of Hammurabi and Tao Te Ching Essay

Compare and contrast Code of Hammurabi and Tao Te Ching - Essay Example Again, he advocated for self-mastery in that he considered one as having true power in mastering himself. He was outspoken to criticize those leader with high egos but rather cherished the works of leaders who inspired people to realize their capability and work to achieve success. He also had an advice to those who give up so easily when things get tough. He sees the reason and importance of perseverance in that by incorporating the quotation on the long journey starting by a single stride. From my analysis, an essential message can be derived from Tao’s works. Firstly, the philosopher naturally came out to present a reasoned source in his claims. Occasionally it is not always what that source is, however, it is not advisable to presume that he wrote strictly from his own view or urge. Tao’s thoughts were decisively supported and intricately linked. I think this is one of the reasons as to why his philosophical vision has been so successful. Tao Te Ching was strongly contributes to today’s ethical catch-22, he provides solutions as well as causing such dilemmas. According to Tao Te Ching, human beings need to all live a unbiased life. Despite the fact that Tao and teaches about humans living in harmony, he does not reveal the penalty, and a strong base of correct and erroneous. He edifies that there truly no sin. This portrays how Tao’s verses lacked the moral sense hence he does not provide a basis for human to lay their lives on. Tao enlightens us on making ourselves happy rather than looking on to other people for us to find happiness. In comparison to Hammurabi who was a leader of the Babylonians, he enthusiastically understood the importance of justice. And in an effort to realize his goal, he required a single collective set of rules for all of the different kind people he dominated. Consequently, he sent legal

Healthcare Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare Management - Essay Example sponse to the impacts of the recession in that it targeted on saving and mobilizing creation of jobs in all sectors while also providing temporary assistance to people directly affected by the recession. Through the Act, people invested heavily in the healthcare sector thereby creating jobs and consequently leading to an improvement in the industry. The Act also compelled the Federal government to spend directly in the healthcare sector among several critical others such as education and energy. This is an award that was set up by the Congress in an attempt to raise awareness about the need for US companies to focus on quality management. The award is thus given to the companies that have observed and successfully implemented these quality management terms and systems. The awards are given to companies in several industries, among them being the healthcare sector. The award system has particularly been influential in facilitating improvement in the healthcare industry with notable areas of improvement being seen in the leadership, customer focus and human resource management and development. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) made a ruling on the implementation of this program which is the last Medicare pay-for-performance initiatives. Through this program, hospitals which perform poorly in reducing conditions and complications that patients acquire while undergoing treatment (secondary diagnosis), will have their inpatient payments funded by Medicare reduced. This ruling is meant to send a word of caution to hospitals on the need to improve their services and consequently lead to improved healthcare. It is expected that about 80 million Americans will be retiring within the next 20 years, which means that demand for primary care and other healthcare workforce will shoot drastically. This is, therefore, expected to prompt a demand for healthcare related employment opportunities thereby attracting more enrollment in education programs such as

Equal Human Rights for Women Essay Example for Free

Equal Human Rights for Women Essay This paper explores human rights issues as it relates to women; the right to work; the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to be treated equally, the right to autonomy, and the violations of basic human rights. I will reflect on how the issue of equality for women is addressed nationally and globally. In discussing human rights related to women’s issues of social injustice by industrial and global exploitation, I explore ways in which social workers commit to equality and what current attitudes may need to be refined. I discuss how global exploitation continues to oppress and stigmatize females. This paper also examines barriers to change and how empowering women can raise their understanding of human rights and the process of change. In July of 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, based on the Declaration of Independence statement on equal rights for all, The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions demanded the equality of men and women in several issues including the right to vote (Stanton Anthony, 1997). This proposed resolution stated, â€Å"The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her† (Stanton, 1889). Thus, in the United States, the plight began for equal rights for women in a male dominated world. Considering the period of time human beings have inhabited this planet, the concept of equality of the human sexes is a rather new prospect. Men are generally physically stronger than women and have exploited this for centuries influencing societies, religions and traditions. They have created for themselves arenas which are beneficial and convenient for them however abusive and oppressive for women. In many countries, including our own, religion and tradition are often used as justification for not implementing equal rights. According to UNICEF, working women globally not only earn significantly less than men, they own far less property and still maintain the majority (80%) of household work (UNICEF, 2007). Biases in property law and inheritances also make women (and children by virtue of being born to women) more vulnerable to poverty. Historically, and in some countries currently, violence against women was/is generally acceptable and at times, considered necessary (i.e. honor killings). So how do we advocate for change from centuries of oppression and discrimination towards women? Ending discrimination in all forms and advocating for social justice is the concrete foundation and commitment of the Social Worker. The National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics states â€Å"Social Workers should act to expand choice and opportunity for all people, with special regard for vulnerable, disadvantaged, oppressed, and exploited people and groups (NASW, 2000, 6.04b). Social work practices, policies, and services must continue to address the disadvantages women and girls face. Advocacy for equal education, health care, employment, protection from violence, and rise from poverty for women is essential. According to NASW ethical principles, Social Workers respect the inherent dignity and worth of a person and are consistently proactive in helping people in need and advocating for social justice. In 1945 in its preamble, the United Nations and the peoples therein declared their commitment to â€Å"fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small† (United Nations, n.d.), solidifying their commitment toward equal rights for women. Social Workers and the nations representing the world have sworn their allegiance to ensuring impartiality between the sexes. But how far have we come in successfully accomplishing this goal? Jessica Valenti, a writer for the Washington Post states in her article For women in America, equality is still an illusion (2010), â€Å"despite the indisputable gains over the years, women are still being raped, trafficked, violated and discriminated against not just in the rest of the world, but here in the United States. And though feminists continue to fight gender injustices, most people seem to think that outside of a few lingering battles, the work of the womens movement is done.† This especially rings true to me. There are still so many serious injustices against women here in the United States (i.e. violence, trafficking, unequal pay, unequal governmental representation, etc.) but the general public rejects this fact, therefore, we are only beginning to tackle this problem. Many programs which support, empower, and assist women toward self-determination (NASW, 1.02) have been created however progress is slow and many more are needed. How is the rest of the world fai ring toward the goal of equal rights for women? Read more:  Why Should Women Have Rights? There is a saying in Ghana, â€Å"If you educate a man, you simply educate an individual, but if you educate a woman, you educate a nation† (Women’s rights worldwide, 2007). But, unfortunately, being a woman in a developing country could mean a life of poverty, abuse, exploitation, and deprivation. In some countries, girl babies are killed because boy babies are considered more valuable. Woman worldwide own 1% of the property however work two-thirds of the world’s labor and earn 10% of the world’s wages. Honor killings (those women determined to dishonor a family) still occur in at least 17 countries identified by the United Nations. In 1980, the United Nations supported the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, sometimes referred to as the international bill of rights for women, where nations committed to end discrimination against women. People around the world express support for these world conferences and gender equality however people in many countries say inequalities persist. A 22-nation survey by Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project in the spring of 2010 suggests the world supports gender equality however many more changes are needed and change is less than vigorous. The following study chart describes the percentage of countries views on who has a better life and who supports equal rights (Pew Research Center, 2010). In my research of global rights for women established by macro entities toward practice and policy change, the Worldwide Women’s Integrated Society for Everyone and Everything best defines a global bill of rights for women which I admire and support. They call this The Thirteen Rights – A Global Bill of Rights for Women. It includes the following: 1) The right to vote in all elections 2) Equal representation in the government 3) The right to assemble and access to communication 4) Females will be educated equally to males 5) Freedom of movement 6) Freedom of marriage or non-marriage 7) The right to carry weapons for protection 8) The right to own property 9) Equal rights, pay, and access to work 10) The right to choice of personal appearance 11) The right to birth control 12) The right to safely terminate a pregnancy 13) The sanctity of female genitals. The International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) recognizing social workers’ commitment to human rights and equal treatment for all human beings, issued an international policy on women in 1999. Policy Statement 5.1 best sums up the views of international social workers by stating, â€Å"Women’s rights are human rights. To the extent that women and girls do not enjoy equal rights, their common human needs, and those of their families, will not be fully met and their human potential will not be fully realized. Therefore, the social work profession’s core commitment to human rights must involve a commitment to protecting and preserving the basic rights of all women and girls. Women of all ages and at all stages of the life cycle deserve protection from discrimination in all forms, including the elimination of all forms of gender-specific discrimination and violence† (IFSW, 1999). I am in complete agreement with the NASW and IFSW’s policies on equal rights for women. We must continue to research the effectiveness of national and international programs and reorganize, if necessary, to ensure delivery of rights to women everywhere. As social workers, it is imperative to advocate for all human rights, especially those oppressed, as women have been for centuries. We can do this through support, education, opportunities, and empowerment. I would like to see the United Nations imply sanctions to those entities that profess commitment to equal rights yet in reality do not â€Å"practice what they preach†. In this paper I have reviewed the journey toward equal rights for women on a personal, national and internationally level. Historically we’ve lived in a male-dominant world and the concept of equal rights for women has been generally foreign to global communities. Social workers are instrumental in expressing to each other and to the world the importance of dignity and worth of every person and the significance of a just and honorable society. In creating policies to define the rights of women, we must follow-through with punishing injustice practices in our own society and the global community. We still have a long way to go! References International Federation of Social Workers. (2012, February). Policies women. Retrieved from http://ifsw.org/policies/women/ National Association of Social Workers. (2000) Code of ethics of the national association of social workers. Washington, DC. National Association of Social Workers. (2012). Social work speaks: National Association of Social Workers policy statements 2012-2014. 9th edition. Washington, DC: NASW Press. Pew Research Center. (2010). Gender equality universally embraced, but inequalities acknowledged. Pew Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewglobal.org/2010/07/01/gender-equality/ Sowers, K. M., Rowe, W. S. (2007). Social work practice and social justice: From local to global perspectives. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Stanton, E. C. (1889). A history of woman suffrage. (Vol. 1, pp. 70-72). Rochester, NY: Fowler and Wells. Stanton, E. C., Anthony, S. B. (1997). The Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony papers project. In A. Gordon (Ed.), Declaration of sentiments and resolutions (Vol. 1). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Retrieved from http://ecssba.rutgers.edu/pubs/volume1.html UNICEF. (2007). Women and children the double dividend of gender equality. (p. 36). The state of the worlds children, (2007), Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/sowc07/docs/sowc07.pdf References Valenti, J. (2010, February). For women in america, equality is still an illusion. Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/19/AR2010021902049.html Women’s rights worldwide. (2007). Working against the oppression of women around the world. Retrieved from http://womensrightsworldwide.org/ Worldwide Womens Integrated Society for Everyone and Everything. (n.d.). thirteen rights – a global bill of rights for women. Retrieved from http://globalwomensrights.org/index.php

Essay on the Victorian View of Dover Beach -- Arnold Dover Beach Essay

The Victorian View of Dover Beach  Ã‚     Ã‚   As the narrator of Matthew Arnold's "Dover Beach" looks out his window, he sees a beautiful world of nature: the sea and the cliffs under the glow of the moon. Describing this scene to his lover, he invites her to "[c]ome to the window" so that she might see it too (6). However, it is not just a beautiful beach that the speaker wishes his lover to see. Rather, he wants her to see Dover Beach as an ironic image that is a representation of his whole world. Likewise Matthew Arnold wants his reader to recognize the speaker and scene as a portrait of Arnold's own world and feelings. What Arnold is writing about is not a poetic fiction: it is a reflection of the changes he sees in his world due to industrialism, science, and a rationalism that opposes traditional religious belief. While Arnold uses Dover Beach to represent this modern world of change, he creates a speaker to represent the tension that the poet and his fellow Victorians feel: while living in a modern world, they long for the great ages of the past. Like Arnold, the speaker feels isolated from the world around him: he looks out the window and "sighs for lost palaces beneath the sea" (Dahl 36). Initially, the beach that Arnold's speaker describes seems serene, calm, and peaceful. This is the Romantic world that the speaker (and Arnold) wants to live in. However, for Arnold the modern world can be peaceful only if natural order and the authority of social institutions can be maintained. Arnold's recognition of the futile illusion of such stability soon overcomes the sense of tranquility with which the poem opens. As the speaker begins to contemplate the scene and listens to the pebbles grating with the waves, an "... ...s the apparent pleasure offered by Dover Beach in the beginning. However, both the calmness and the violence of the beach, both the pleasure and the despair of the speaker, are true to the Victorian consciousness. Arnold and his speaker want the world to be one of peace and tranquility, but they cannot help but see its reality. This duality dramatizes the conflicted temperament of the Victorians. What Dover Beach as a place symbolizes to the narrator of the poem, "Dover Beach" as a poem expresses for Arnold and his Victorian audience. Works Cited Arnold, Matthew. "Dover Beach." 1867. A Pocketful of Poems. Ed. David Madden. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace, 1996. x. Dahl, Curtis. "The Victorian Wasteland." College English 16 (1955): 341-47. Rpt. in Victorian Literature: Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Austin Wright. New York: Oxford UP, 1961. 32-40.   

Labeling

When a person is labeled as something he or she has become part of that particular sub-culture, and although that person might not consider themselves to be that particular label, society has the majority rule. If society considers a person with tattoos a rebel, that person is now a troublemaker in society’s eyes; he or she carries the characteristics of that certain label, and that title sticks. Labeling in society is a natural human property. Humans label sub-consciously in order to organize the people they may come in contact with in society day-to-day. This action takes place because having a label does not stop at the face; it runs much deeper. Labels carry characteristics, properties, and key traits that can give a person an idea of what someone is like before they even say â€Å"[H]ello†. Every person has a label or title, but how does the labeling of people and groups affect others around them and society as a whole? In the article Decent into Madness: The New Mexico State Prison Riot written by Mark Colvin labeling plays an extraordinary role in the events leading up to the 1980 riot and the events that occurred during the riot. In the prison system being labeled something negative like a snitch can be potentially deadly. The guards would use labeling to coerce inmates into spilling useful information. The labeling in this prison system effects inmates greatly causing amalgams of emotions and an inner battle between what they believe is right and the what they pledged to their gangs. The labeling in a prison system effects directly affects the other inmates, not just a singled out victim. Others might feel betrayed which could lead to a whirlwind of other consequences, actions, and emotions. Another article that shows how society is affected by labels is The New Tattoo Subculture by Anne M. Velliquette and Jeff B. Murray. People with tattoos are constantly being titled rebels, troublemakers, and delinquents, when in fact people with tattoos usually have a very heart-felt story or reason why they ink themselves. To these people, they feel that they are being labeled unfairly and that society is making quick and senseless judgments. When it comes to school, nobody wants to be labeled the school nerd, slut, or anything negative. People only want to be labeled positively, something that gives them perks in school and applies to their own self-interest. The Peer Power: Clique Dynamics Among School Children written by Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler, talks about the school structure and how labels can either make or break a student’s school career. The article talks about how cliques are labeled by the students who make them, almost like the saying people are what they eat, and school cliques are made by the people who are involved in them. School cliques carry pressures that not only affect the overall environment of the school but, labeling and clique involvement also effects staff and teachers as well as peers not involved in cliques. A hierarchy system is a clear cut way to put people into a certain class. Being at the top involves large amounts of power that effects society around them, while being at the bottom can allow for zero power and their actions hardly effect the environment around them. In the article Gang Business: Making Ends Meet by Martin Sanchez Jankowski the hierarchy system is used organize levels of a gang and individual players. This hierarchy system is one of the most clear cut ways to label an individual, because if a person is labeled a pusher he or she is basically stuck in with that title and the labels responsibilities until they have earned themselves increased respect from their peers. Gangs, governments, militarist and political parties use the hierarchy system to put people in certain ranks, and each rank brings its own traits and characteristics that person must follow or they will suffer the consequences. Labeling could be an incredible blessing to people who need a place in society. With a label such as a punk or a skater, that person now has a chance to identify themselves with a sub-culture that will accept them for who they are without trying to be someone else. Labeling in this manner is a great thing for it helps people, and from that labeled position a person can gain social status in their own group. In 1998 an article written by Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler stated that â€Å"Cliques are, at their base, friendship circles, whose members tend to identify each other as mutually connected† (Pg. 55). Once a person is labeled as something whether it be a jock or a plastic, these people can now seek out others who are labeled similarly, and by doing so new friendships and relationships are born. Labels can introduce a person to a new set of people, which he or she would never have known if they were not labeled. In an article written by Martin Sanchez Jankowski in 1991 a â€Å"†¦ hierarchy system is used to label members of a gang†¦ † (Pg. 172). This hierarchy system can play a positive role in the life of a gang member because once you are placed on a level there is no ambiguity about a person's position and status; their responsibilities, liabilities, and expected actions are practically lied out for young gang member. Unfortunately labeling, for the most part, is a negative action taken against groups of people who do not comply with societies unwritten rules. When a person is labeled it is usually because said person did something that was unusual, different, and/or out of the social norm. In schools across the United States there is some sort of labeling among the student body, whether it be skin colour, gender, sports, or academics, there is always something that organizes students into different sections. In the movie Mean Girls, the lunch room provides an extreme example of labeling and the cliques that are created through labeling. All the students are divided into different sects depending on their status; popular girls, a. k. a. Plastics sat together at one table while jocks sat together at a different table. Their own independent label had an affect on their peers because their label gave certain students power over others while in reality all people are supposed to be equals. â€Å"The leaders would decide†¦. † is a popular phrase used in Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler's article on Peer Pressure ( 1998. Pg. 156). The person labeled the â€Å"leader† has some sort of intangible power over other students, and it is preposterous to think that all of their power is based off a word, â€Å"leader†. Many labels carry meaning that runs deeper than the eye can see. At face value a corporal is just a word used to describe one of the first ranks of an army solider, but that label has depth. Being a corporal could mean constant order taking and back-breaking work. Having a certain label affects everybody not just a person's immediate friends. A powerful label commands respect and these people are treated with privileges and other special perks because of their label. Many labels come with their own with their own home-grown stereotypes. If a person is labeled a doctor this could mean that they earn a quarter million dollars a year, drive a Mercedes-Benz, and go golfing three times a week. Many labels come with their own with their own home-grown stereotypes. Along with perks and privileges labels also have imbedded consequences. In the 1997 article Decent into Madness by Mark Colvin, it is clearly expressed how certain labels could lead to imitate death. Colvin explained that a â€Å"coercive tactic was used to intimidate an inmate by threatening to â€Å"hang a snitch jacket† on him. â€Å"This tactic which involved the threat of labeling an inmate a â€Å"snitch† (or informant) was used to solicit information, and gain control over an inmate†¦. † (1997. Pg. 197). The label of a snitch is an inmate’s worst nightmare because the consequences and after-math of this label could lead to lack of trust with their fellow gang members, and if the leader of a gang found out an inmate actual ly snitched, the man labeled the leader is powerful enough to put a hit on that inmate. The label of snitch is so powerful that it can ruin the life of an inmate even if the accusation is false. Although labels usually carry any where from a minor al the way up to extraordinary negative connotations, they are a crucial part of society. Labels organize people into certain levels of society. People use labels as the first way to asses a person. When a business man walks into a pub and sees a scantily-clad dressed woman next to a women in a business skirt and blouse, that man will nearly always label the half-dressed women as a slut or desperate while he might label the other as more conservative. People use labels as their first line of defense in a situation when they feel something is not quite right. If a person sees a shady fellow on the corner of the street, that person might automatically label that man as a trouble-maker which in turn leads that person to walk away from the fellow on the corner. How a person dresses and holds themselves on the street, in a pub, or at a job interview could lead to the immediate labeling of themselves. This happens because humans label based on their own personality and upbringing; it is an ideology, a non-tangible belief that certain people are going to be labeled a certain way. People are subjected by labels, and this relates directly to powerful labels such as president, leader, boss, captain, etc. When there is a person who is labeled high on a hierarchy system, people will automatically listen and follow that person. Some might call this a power struggle while most will continue to follow in that leaders footsteps. Many people believe that if a person is labeled significantly high it is because they are doing something that is working, and many people will be the follower, not the leader. This is known as the path of least resistance; the ability just to follow a person labeled well above the rest is easier than striving to become the best. That label effects lower ranking members because being a leader carries the characteristic enticing followers. Labeling could be the closest human beings come to before physically marking people into certain levels. Labeling is a way to organize humans, just as a library organizes books. While some labels could improve on a person’s life and social class, labels usually carry a negative connotation. The three articles mentioning labeling as an important part of culture all share a similar opinion that labels are negative. Mark Colvin and the Decent into Madness article clearly state how labels could lead to inner group violence among gangs followed by a larger more devastating super nova. Gang Business by Martin Sanchez Jankowski expresses how a hierarchy system organizes illegal crime by placing pawns into certain levels, each containing their own sets of rules and responsibilities. Labeling in its most exposed form can be witnessed in schools. The Peer Power article written by Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler states numerous times that people who are labeled leaders have power over others standing at a lower position. Labels are powerful because of the depth that many labels achieve. High-ranking important labels carry large responsibilities and actions that must be followed through by that title holder, because just as quick as a label is given it can be taken away and that person who was once powerful is now just a low ranking pusher.

Comparison of ‘Harry Potter and the philosopher’s stone’ and ‘Aice in Wonderland’ Essay

The piece of extract that I have chosen to analyse from ‘Harry Potter and the Philosophers stone’ is from chapter thirteen, ‘Ron’s nerves were at breaking point†¦he was petrified’. The reason why I have chosen to explore this piece of text is because there are numerous occasions in this extract where some of the characters face a challenge. From ‘Alice in Wonderland’, the text that I have chosen to analyse is from chapter one, ‘there was nothing very remarkable†¦it would not open’. I have chosen to explore this extract because it is in this piece of text where Alice enters Wonderland although she has no clue of where she is. ‘Harry Potter and the Philosophers stone’ is about an orphan called Harry Potter who is reluctantly been taken in by his relative, the Dursleys, a mean-spirited unimaginative family. Immediately our sympathies lie with Harry as we see how he is mistreated by the Dursleys. It is not until his eleventh birthday when he learns the truth about himself and his life is changed forever. Harry learns that he is a wizard and that his parents had not died in a car crash like how he was told but they were killed by a very powerful dark wizard whose name is not mainly said and called ‘You know who’ because of how much the other wizards fear him. From this point on, Harry leaves the Dursleys and moves into a completely opposite world where he is a very famous figure and attends Hogwarts, a school that teaches witchcraft and wizardry. Throughout the book, Harry faces opposition from almost wherever he goes. ‘Alice in Wonderland’ is about a young girl who finds herself in an unfamiliar and an extraordinary, mystical world known as ‘Wonderland’. Alice enters Wonderland after she slips down a rabbit hole in pursuit of a rabbit she hears talking. She follows the rabbit down a very deep rabbit hole and falls into a room. She doesn’t know where she is but that does not make her panic. She then comes across a bottle containing a magical potion which causes Alice to shrink in size and here she faces a challenge in getting hold of the golden key which she had left on top of the wooden table. The main characters from both novels are portrayed very differently to each other. In the extract from ‘Harry Potter and the Philosophers stone’, Harry faces a challenge in finding the snitch before the Hufflepuff seeker finds it. This is made difficult for Harry, firstly because he feels pressure from Wood and the other Gryffindor team players as this is a very crucial game for them and secondly because Snape is refereeing the match and he will be biased against Gryffindor. Just as Harry feels pressure, in Carroll’s novel Alice is portrayed as very ignorant towards the natural world. This is the reason why Alice does not see it as being strange when she hears a rabbit say to itself ‘Oh dear, Oh dear! I shall be late!’ it is not until the rabbit takes a watch out of its waistcoat, she realizes that it is very unusual for a rabbit to make this action and this is why she follows him down the rabbit hole. The Victorian era plays a large role in Carroll’s novel. The queen was the dominant figure at the time. It was also an era of punctuality which regards to the rabbit being late. The Victorian era was an age of growth and self-discovery, this relates to Alice discovering a completely new world whereas in Rowling’s novel, Harry does not only ‘discover’ a completely different world but faces a major challenge in discovering his own self, which he finds very difficult to believe at the start because he has spent the last few years of his life in a cupboard under a staircase. In Carroll’s novel, the queen is dominant over Wonderland unlike Rowling’s novel, where there is no queen or king of the magical world, but there is a ‘Ministry of Magic’ which tries to keep the Magical World away from the non-magical world. Hagrid describes the Ministry of Magic as ‘messin things up as usual’ and we get a very similar impression of t he queen in Carroll’s novel . Like many other novels from the Victorian times, Carroll’s novel also has a reference to the class. We get this impression when Alice struggles to get hold of the golden key which she had forgotten on top of the wooden table. In Rowling’s novel, there is no reference to the class instead it is all about whether someone is ‘pure-blood’, ‘half-blood’ or a ‘mudblood’. Hermione is taunted by Malfoy and the other Slytherins for being a ‘mud-blood’ or having non-magical parents. The reason why the Slytherins tease mud-bloods is because they are all pure-bloods themselves. Ron on the other hand is a pure blood but is teased for the lack of money his family has. In this extract Ron faces a challenge in dealing with Malfoy when he is insulted by him. Ron chooses the option of beating him up and as Crabbe and Goyle try to help Malfoy, Longbottom also gets involved to help Ron. Rowling has done this to show that Longbottom has the courage to face his enemies even though he is bullied by Malfoy and his gang because they think he is very stupid and doesn’t have the courage to stand up for himself. It is not that Longbottom gets involved shows us he has courage but he takes on two other people who are much bigger than him in size. Ron’s action shows us that he has a very short temper and if he loses it then he can be very brutal. From the extract I have chosen from Carroll’s novel, Alice faces a challenge in finding out where she is and how to get out. At the end of the fall, Alice hears the rabbit and does not give up in chasing it which leads her into a long, low hall. She finds a key and faces a challenge in finding the door the key goes to. After she finds that the key goes to none of the doors, she still does not panic instead she goes around again and finds the real door but notices that the door is too small. It is a major challenge for her to recognize the real world. When she is falling down the rabbit hole, she thinks that the people on the other side of the Earth would walk on their heads whereas she does not understand that everyone is pulled to the centre of the earth and the fact that it is impossible for anyone to walk on their head. She also thinks that she will virtually fall right through the Earth but this is also impossible. Her ignorance is the factor that makes her so unafraid of anything and this is the explanation to the fact that she heard the rabbit talk and didn’t find it so ‘remarkable’. Carroll Characterizes Alice as being a show off with her vocabulary and he does this by putting a load of non-sense in her speech. Harry on the other hand is described as very quite and completely the opposite of ‘showing off’, this is why despite knowing how famous he is, he does not use it to show off.

Free Essays on Honesty Is The Best Policy

Honesty is the Best Policy Can you think of the thing that can completely ruin a person’s reputation? Would you guess this thing also can save someone’s life? Yes, this thing is a lie. There are actually too many categories of lies to name them all, but I have chosen the three most told lies in my opinion: little white lies, lies that can get you out of trouble, and of course, the lie that can hurt feelings. Some will not admit this, but everyone tells little white lies. It does not matter if you are two years old or if you are 85, you have told a white lie. It is my belief that white lies are not bad, as long as you are not compulsive about it. In fact, I believe that it is named the â€Å"white lie† for the reason that the color white represents Heaven, meaning you will still get into Heaven if you tell this lie. For example, a white lie would be when your mother calls you at your house from her work place and asks if you have done your chores yet. Of course you have not, but you tell your mother, â€Å"Oh yea, I finished it like an hour ago.† You only tell her this fib to make her happy, and so you will not be scolded. Even though this lie seems to be the most told, it causes the lesser amount of damage. Ah, the most common lie amongst us teenagers: the Lie That Gets You Out of Trouble. â€Å"Allison Kay, what in God’s name made you get home at this hour of the night?† Naturally, any teenager knows that when a parent hollers the first AND middle name, it is time to whip out the Lie That Gets You Out of Trouble. â€Å"Momma, you see, my friend got stuck in a ditch, and we all had to, uh, go pull her out, and we were all muddy, and uh, then we were thirsty after all that labor, so we umm, went to Shop Rite and bought us a Dr. Pepper.† And, believe it or not, but I am beginning to realize that my mother is not stupid, and catches on when I tell her this particular lie. Actually, this lie is the humorous ... Free Essays on Honesty Is The Best Policy Free Essays on Honesty Is The Best Policy Honesty is the Best Policy Can you think of the thing that can completely ruin a person’s reputation? Would you guess this thing also can save someone’s life? Yes, this thing is a lie. There are actually too many categories of lies to name them all, but I have chosen the three most told lies in my opinion: little white lies, lies that can get you out of trouble, and of course, the lie that can hurt feelings. Some will not admit this, but everyone tells little white lies. It does not matter if you are two years old or if you are 85, you have told a white lie. It is my belief that white lies are not bad, as long as you are not compulsive about it. In fact, I believe that it is named the â€Å"white lie† for the reason that the color white represents Heaven, meaning you will still get into Heaven if you tell this lie. For example, a white lie would be when your mother calls you at your house from her work place and asks if you have done your chores yet. Of course you have not, but you tell your mother, â€Å"Oh yea, I finished it like an hour ago.† You only tell her this fib to make her happy, and so you will not be scolded. Even though this lie seems to be the most told, it causes the lesser amount of damage. Ah, the most common lie amongst us teenagers: the Lie That Gets You Out of Trouble. â€Å"Allison Kay, what in God’s name made you get home at this hour of the night?† Naturally, any teenager knows that when a parent hollers the first AND middle name, it is time to whip out the Lie That Gets You Out of Trouble. â€Å"Momma, you see, my friend got stuck in a ditch, and we all had to, uh, go pull her out, and we were all muddy, and uh, then we were thirsty after all that labor, so we umm, went to Shop Rite and bought us a Dr. Pepper.† And, believe it or not, but I am beginning to realize that my mother is not stupid, and catches on when I tell her this particular lie. Actually, this lie is the humorous ...